{"id":3712,"date":"2026-10-04T20:42:49","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T19:42:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/?p=3712"},"modified":"2026-10-04T20:42:49","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T19:42:49","slug":"les-mathematiques-cest-une-science-abstraite-et-un-langage-universel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/les-mathematiques-cest-une-science-abstraite-et-un-langage-universel\/","title":{"rendered":"Les math\u00e9matiques, c&#8217;est une science abstraite et un langage universel"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Les <b data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"4\">math\u00e9matiques<\/b>, c&#8217;est une science abstraite et un langage universel pour explorer, mesurer et structurer la r\u00e9alit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"1\">Au lieu d&#8217;\u00e9tudier la mati\u00e8re (comme la physique) ou la vie (comme la biologie), les math\u00e9matiques \u00e9tudient des <b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"111\">concepts abstraits<\/b> : les nombres, les formes, les structures et les transformations.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"3\">Les grands domaines des math\u00e9matiques<\/h3>\n<table data-path-to-node=\"4\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Domaine<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ce qu&#8217;on y \u00e9tudie<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Exemple concret<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">L&#8217;arithm\u00e9tique<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,1,1,0\">Les nombres et les op\u00e9rations de base<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,1,2,0\">Calculer un budget ou une recette<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,2,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,2,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">L&#8217;alg\u00e8bre<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,2,1,0\">Les relations et les inconnues via des \u00e9quations (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"x\" data-index-in-node=\"50\">$x$<\/span>, <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"y\" data-index-in-node=\"53\">$y$<\/span>)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,2,2,0\">Trouver le temps n\u00e9cessaire pour effectuer un trajet<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,3,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,3,1,0\">Les formes, les espaces et les dimensions<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,3,2,0\">Concevoir les plans d&#8217;un b\u00e2timent ou un objet 3D<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,4,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">L&#8217;analyse<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,4,1,0\">Le changement, le mouvement et l&#8217;infini (calcul diff\u00e9rentiel\/int\u00e9gral)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,4,2,0\">Mod\u00e9liser la vitesse d&#8217;une voiture ou la trajectoire d&#8217;une fus\u00e9e<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,5,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,5,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Les probabilit\u00e9s &amp; statistiques<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,5,1,0\">L&#8217;incertain, le hasard et la gestion des donn\u00e9es<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"4,5,2,0\">Pr\u00e9voir la m\u00e9t\u00e9o ou \u00e9valuer la fiabilit\u00e9 d&#8217;un test m\u00e9dical<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"6\">\u00c0 quoi \u00e7a sert vraiment ?<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"7\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Un outil pour les autres sciences<\/b> : sans maths, pas d&#8217;informatique (les algorithmes reposent sur la logique et la th\u00e9orie des graphes), pas de physique, d&#8217;ing\u00e9nierie ni d&#8217;\u00e9conomie.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Une m\u00e9thode de pens\u00e9e<\/b> : elles apprennent \u00e0 <b data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"43\">raisonner avec rigueur<\/b>, \u00e0 d\u00e9monter un probl\u00e8me complexe en sous-\u00e9tapes et \u00e0 prouver des faits de fa\u00e7on irr\u00e9futable.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Commen\u00e7ons par <b data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"15\">l&#8217;histoire de leur cr\u00e9ation<\/b>, car elle montre parfaitement comment les maths sont n\u00e9es de besoins tr\u00e8s concrets avant de devenir une science abstraite.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"2\">1. Mesurer et \u00e9changer (Antiquit\u00e9)<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Au d\u00e9part, les maths ne servent qu&#8217;\u00e0 compter les recoltes, g\u00e9rer le commerce et d\u00e9couper les terres.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"4\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Les Babyloniens et \u00c9gyptiens<\/b> inventent la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de terrain pour renum\u00e9roter les parcelles agricoles apr\u00e8s chaque crue du Nil.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Les Grecs (Thal\u00e8s, Pythagore, Euclide)<\/b> font basculer la discipline : ils d\u00e9cident de ne plus seulement appliquer des recettes, mais de <b data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"135\">prouver scientifiquement<\/b> la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 par le raisonnement (les d\u00e9monstrations).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"6\">2. L&#8217;invention du z\u00e9ro et de l&#8217;alg\u00e8bre (Moyen \u00c2ge)<\/h3>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"7\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Les math\u00e9maticiens indiens<\/b> apportent une r\u00e9volution majeure : l&#8217;invention du <b data-path-to-node=\"7,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"77\">z\u00e9ro<\/b> et de la num\u00e9ration de position.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Le monde arabo-musulman<\/b> (notamment Al-Khwarizmi au IX\u1d49 si\u00e8cle) r\u00e9cup\u00e8re ces travaux et invente <b data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"95\">l&#8217;alg\u00e8bre<\/b> (<i data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"106\">al-jabr<\/i>). On commence \u00e0 remplacer les chiffres par des symboles pour r\u00e9soudre des probl\u00e8mes complexes d&#8217;h\u00e9ritage et de commerce.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"9\">3. La mod\u00e9lisation du monde (XVII\u1d49 \u2013 XIX\u1d49 si\u00e8cle)<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"10\">Avec Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Isaac Newton et Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, les maths deviennent le moteur des sciences physiques.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"11\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11,0,0\">On invente le <b data-path-to-node=\"11,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"14\">calcul infinit\u00e9simal<\/b> (l&#8217;analyse) pour calculer la trajectoire des plan\u00e8tes, la vitesse d&#8217;un corps en chute libre ou la pression des fluides.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11,1,0\">Les math\u00e9matiques deviennent le langage obligatoire pour d\u00e9crire l&#8217;Univers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"13\">4. L&#8217;\u00e8re du virtuel et de l&#8217;informatique (XX\u1d49 \u2013 aujourd&#8217;hui)<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"14\">Au XX\u1d49 si\u00e8cle, Alan Turing utilise la logique math\u00e9matique pour concevoir le premier mod\u00e8le d&#8217;ordinateur. Aujourd&#8217;hui, <b data-path-to-node=\"14\" data-index-in-node=\"119\">l&#8217;intelligence artificielle, la cryptographie de nos cartes bancaires et la mod\u00e9lisation du climat<\/b> ne sont rien d&#8217;autre que des \u00e9quations avanc\u00e9es ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es \u00e0 toute vitesse.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">La <b data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"3\">coud\u00e9e royale<\/b> (ou coud\u00e9e pharaonique) est la principale unit\u00e9 de mesure de longueur utilis\u00e9e dans l\u2019\u00c9gypte antique, notamment pour la construction des monuments majeurs comme les pyramides et les temples.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"2\">Mesure et subdivision<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Une coud\u00e9e royale mesure environ <b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"33\">52,3 \u00e0 52,5 cm<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4\">Contrairement \u00e0 la coud\u00e9e \u00ab courte \u00bb ou ordinaire (d&#8217;environ 45 cm, bas\u00e9e sur la distance du coude au bout du majeur), la coud\u00e9e royale ajoute la largeur d&#8217;une paume. Elle repose sur un syst\u00e8me d&#8217;\u00e9talonnage tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cis :<\/p>\n<table data-path-to-node=\"5\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Unit\u00e9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Proportion<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Taille approximative<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Coud\u00e9e royale<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,1,1,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$1$<\/span> coud\u00e9e<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,1,2,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\approx 52,4\\text{ cm}\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$\\approx 52,4\\text{ cm}$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,2,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5,2,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Empan<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,2,1,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\/2\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$1\/2$<\/span> coud\u00e9e (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"3,5\" data-index-in-node=\"12\">$3,5$<\/span> paumes)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,2,2,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\approx 26,2\\text{ cm}\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$\\approx 26,2\\text{ cm}$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,3,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5,3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Paume<\/b> (<i data-path-to-node=\"5,3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"7\">shesep<\/i>)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,3,1,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\/7\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$1\/7$<\/span> de coud\u00e9e<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,3,2,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\approx 7,5\\text{ cm}\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$\\approx 7,5\\text{ cm}$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,4,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5,4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Doigt<\/b> (<i data-path-to-node=\"5,4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"7\">djeba<\/i>)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,4,1,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\/28\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$1\/28$<\/span> de coud\u00e9e (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\/4\" data-index-in-node=\"16\">$1\/4$<\/span> de paume)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span data-path-to-node=\"5,4,2,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\approx 1,87\\text{ cm}\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">$\\approx 1,87\\text{ cm}$<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"7\">Utilisation et pr\u00e9cision architecturale<\/h3>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">\u00c9tats-majors et r\u00e9glettes<\/b> : Les architectes et scribes utilisaient des r\u00e8gles gradu\u00e9es en bois, en pierre ou en bronze.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Proportions remarquables<\/b> : Les b\u00e2tisseurs \u00e9gyptiens ont int\u00e9gr\u00e9 la coud\u00e9e royale dans des constructions g\u00e9om\u00e9triques \u00e9labor\u00e9es. Par exemple, le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de la base de la Grande Pyramide de Kh\u00e9ops mesure exactement 1 760 coud\u00e9es royales.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Le lien entre la coud\u00e9e royale, le nombre <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"42\">$\\pi$<\/span> (Pi) et le nombre d&#8217;or <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\varphi\" data-index-in-node=\"69\">$\\varphi$<\/span> (Phi) dans la Grande Pyramide de Kh\u00e9ops est l&#8217;un des sujets les plus fascinants de la pyramidologie. Il s&#8217;explique par la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie m\u00eame de la pyramide et l&#8217;unit\u00e9 de mesure \u00e9gyptienne.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"2\">1. La coud\u00e9e royale et le m\u00e8tre : une co\u00efncidence g\u00e9om\u00e9trique ?<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">La coud\u00e9e royale \u00e9gyptienne mesure environ <b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"43\">0,5236 m\u00e8tre<\/b> (ou <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"52,36\\text{ cm}\" data-index-in-node=\"60\">$52,36\\text{ cm}$<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4\">En g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, la circonf\u00e9rence d&#8217;un cercle de diam\u00e8tre <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"55\">$1$<\/span> m\u00e8tre est \u00e9gale \u00e0 <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"75\">$\\pi$<\/span> m\u00e8tres (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\approx 3,14159\\text{ m}\" data-index-in-node=\"87\">$\\approx 3,14159\\text{ m}$<\/span>). Si l&#8217;on divise un demi-m\u00e8tre par ce rapport :<\/p>\n<div data-path-to-node=\"5\">\n<div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"\\frac{\\pi}{6} \\approx 0,523598\\text{ m}\">$$\\frac{\\pi}{6} \\approx 0,523598\\text{ m}$$<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">On constate que <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"16\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\\text{ coud\u00e9e royale} \\approx \\frac{\\pi}{6}\\text{ m\u00e8tre}\" data-index-in-node=\"16\">$1\\text{ coud\u00e9e royale} \\approx \\frac{\\pi}{6}\\text{ m\u00e8tre}$<\/span><\/b>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7\">Cette relation \u00e9tablit un pont direct entre la coud\u00e9e royale, la valeur de <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"75\">$\\pi$<\/span> et le syst\u00e8me m\u00e9trique (bien que le m\u00e8tre n&#8217;ait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9fini qu&#8217;au XVIII\u1d49 si\u00e8cle).<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"9\">2. Le nombre <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"13\">$\\pi$<\/span> dans la Grande Pyramide<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"10\">Les dimensions initiales de la pyramide de Kh\u00e9ops (en coud\u00e9es royales) sont :<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"11\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"11,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Demi-base (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"b\" data-index-in-node=\"11\">$b$<\/span>)<\/b> : <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"220\\text{ coud\u00e9es}\" data-index-in-node=\"16\">$220\\text{ coud\u00e9es}$<\/span> (base totale de <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"440\\text{ coud\u00e9es}\" data-index-in-node=\"51\">$440\\text{ coud\u00e9es}$<\/span>, soit <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\approx 230,3\\text{ m}\" data-index-in-node=\"76\">$\\approx 230,3\\text{ m}$<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"11,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Hauteur (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"h\" data-index-in-node=\"9\">$h$<\/span>)<\/b> : <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"280\\text{ coud\u00e9es}\" data-index-in-node=\"14\">$280\\text{ coud\u00e9es}$<\/span> (soit <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\approx 146,6\\text{ m}\" data-index-in-node=\"39\">$\\approx 146,6\\text{ m}$<\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12\">Si l&#8217;on rapporte le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de la base \u00e0 la hauteur :<\/p>\n<div data-path-to-node=\"13\">\n<div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"\\frac{\\text{P\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de la base}}{2 \\times \\text{Hauteur}} = \\frac{4 \\times 440}{2 \\times 280} = \\frac{1760}{560} = \\frac{22}{7} \\approx 3,1428\">$$\\frac{\\text{P\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de la base}}{2 \\times \\text{Hauteur}} = \\frac{4 \\times 440}{2 \\times 280} = \\frac{1760}{560} = \\frac{22}{7} \\approx 3,1428$$<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"14\">Le rapport <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\frac{22}{7}\" data-index-in-node=\"11\">$\\frac{22}{7}$<\/span> \u00e9tait l&#8217;approximation classique de <b data-path-to-node=\"14\" data-index-in-node=\"59\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"59\">$\\pi$<\/span><\/b> utilis\u00e9e dans l&#8217;Antiquit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"16\">3. Le nombre d&#8217;or <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\varphi\" data-index-in-node=\"18\">$\\varphi$<\/span> (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\approx 1,618\" data-index-in-node=\"27\">$\\approx 1,618$<\/span>)<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"17\">Si l&#8217;on calcule l&#8217;<b data-path-to-node=\"17\" data-index-in-node=\"18\">apothem<\/b> (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"a\" data-index-in-node=\"27\">$a$<\/span>), c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire la hauteur d&#8217;une face triangulaire depuis la base jusqu&#8217;au sommet :<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"18\">Par le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de Pythagore :<\/p>\n<div data-path-to-node=\"19\">\n<div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"a = \\sqrt{h^2 + b^2} = \\sqrt{280^2 + 220^2} = \\sqrt{78400 + 48400} = \\sqrt{126800} \\approx 356,09\\text{ coud\u00e9es}\">$$a = \\sqrt{h^2 + b^2} = \\sqrt{280^2 + 220^2} = \\sqrt{78400 + 48400} = \\sqrt{126800} \\approx 356,09\\text{ coud\u00e9es}$$<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"20\">Si l&#8217;on divise l&#8217;apoth\u00e8me par la demi-base :<\/p>\n<div data-path-to-node=\"21\">\n<div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"\\frac{a}{b} = \\frac{356,09}{220} \\approx 1,61858\">$$\\frac{a}{b} = \\frac{356,09}{220} \\approx 1,61858$$<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"22\">Cette valeur est extr\u00eamement proche du <b data-path-to-node=\"22\" data-index-in-node=\"39\">nombre d&#8217;or <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\varphi = \\frac{1 + \\sqrt{5}}{2} \\approx 1,61803\" data-index-in-node=\"51\">$\\varphi = \\frac{1 + \\sqrt{5}}{2} \\approx 1,61803$<\/span><\/b>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"24\">Intention d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e ou cons\u00e9quence g\u00e9om\u00e9trique ?<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"25\">Deux visions s&#8217;opposent chez les historiens et \u00e9gyptologues :<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"26\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"26,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"26,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">L&#8217;explication empirique (la pente du <i data-path-to-node=\"26,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"37\">seked<\/i>)<\/b> : Les \u00c9gyptiens n&#8217;avaient pas n\u00e9cessairement connaissance des d\u00e9cimales modernes de <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"128\">$\\pi$<\/span> ou de <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\varphi\" data-index-in-node=\"138\">$\\varphi$<\/span>. Ils utilisaient une r\u00e8gle de pente appel\u00e9e le <i data-path-to-node=\"26,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"193\">seked<\/i>, fix\u00e9e ici \u00e0 <b data-path-to-node=\"26,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"212\">5,5 paumes pour 1 coud\u00e9e de hauteur<\/b> (un rapport <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"11\/14\" data-index-in-node=\"260\">$11\/14$<\/span>). Ce choix purement pratique de proportion fait \u00e9merger math\u00e9matiquement et automatiquement <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"358\">$\\pi$<\/span> et <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\varphi\" data-index-in-node=\"365\">$\\varphi$<\/span> dans la structure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"26,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"26,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">L&#8217;intention th\u00e9orique<\/b> : Pour d&#8217;autres chercheurs, la pr\u00e9cision spectaculaire des mesures indique une volont\u00e9 d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e de coder la quadrature du cercle et le nombre d&#8217;or dans l&#8217;architecture sacr\u00e9e du monument.<\/p>\n<div class=\"user-query-container\">\n<div id=\"user-query-content-5\" class=\"query-content ng-star-inserted\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQ3ucQahgKEwiG9MepiqGXAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQugM\">\n<div class=\"query-bubble-with-status ng-star-inserted\">\n<div class=\"query-text gds-body-l\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"query-text-line ng-star-inserted\"><strong>Comment fonctionnait le seked pour d\u00e9terminer la pente des pyramides en \u00c9gypte antique ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"luminous-actions-container ng-star-inserted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"response-container response-container-with-gpi ng-tns-c549698467-43 no-background response-container-has-multiple-responses\" data-hveid=\"1\">\n<div class=\"response-container-header ng-tns-c549698467-43 ng-star-inserted\">\n<div class=\"response-container-header-controls ng-tns-c549698467-43\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"response-container-header-status ng-tns-c549698467-43\">\n<div class=\"response-container-header-processing-state ng-tns-c549698467-43\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3713\" src=\"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"632\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-1.png 316w, https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-1-150x300.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-2-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-2-2.jpg 340w, https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-2-2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-2-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-2-2-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"presented-response-container ng-tns-c549698467-43\" data-hveid=\"2\">\n<div class=\"response-container-content ng-tns-c549698467-43\">\n<div class=\"response-content ng-tns-c549698467-43\">\n<div class=\"model-response-label-announcer\" aria-busy=\"false\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_80cf4eb337fcc3f9\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel md-content enable-luminous-fast-follows enable-updated-hr-color stronger\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-busy=\"false\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Le <b data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"3\">seked<\/b> est l&#8217;unit\u00e9 de mesure \u00e9gyptienne servant \u00e0 d\u00e9finir la pente des faces d&#8217;une pyramide. C&#8217;est l&#8217;anc\u00eatre direct de notre cotangente en trigonom\u00e9trie.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"2\">La logique du calcul<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Plut\u00f4t que d&#8217;utiliser un angle en degr\u00e9s (une notion inconnue \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9poque), les \u00c9gyptiens mesuraient le <b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"103\">d\u00e9calage horizontal<\/b> (en paumes ou doigts) pour chaque <b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"157\">coud\u00e9e de hauteur verticale<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4\">Le principe de base :<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"5\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5,0,0\">On monte de <b data-path-to-node=\"5,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"12\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"12\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> coud\u00e9e royale<\/b> (qui vaut <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"38\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> paumes).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5,1,0\">On mesure le retrait horizontal <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"S\" data-index-in-node=\"32\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> vers l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5,2,0\">Ce retrait <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"S\" data-index-in-node=\"11\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (exprim\u00e9 en paumes et doigts) correspond au <b data-path-to-node=\"5,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"57\">seked<\/b>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div data-path-to-node=\"6\">\n<div class=\"math-block\" data-math=\"\\text{Seked} = 7 \\times \\cot(\\theta)\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Seked<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">7<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mop\">cot<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b8<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7\"><i data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">(o\u00f9 <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\theta\" data-index-in-node=\"4\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> est l&#8217;angle d&#8217;inclinaison de la face par rapport au sol).<\/i><\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"9\">L&#8217;exemple de la Grande Pyramide (Kh\u00e9ops)<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"10\">Pour Kh\u00e9ops, les architectes ont choisi un seked de <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"52\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"5,5\" data-index-in-node=\"52\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> paumes<\/b> (ou <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"67\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> paumes et <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"79\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> doigts).<\/p>\n<div class=\"code-block ng-tns-c1287317439-47 ng-animate-disabled ng-trigger ng-trigger-codeBlockRevealAnimation\" data-hveid=\"0\" data-ved=\"0CAAQhtANahgKEwiG9MepiqGXAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQwgM\">\n<div class=\"formatted-code-block-internal-container ng-tns-c1287317439-47\">\n<div class=\"animated-opacity ng-tns-c1287317439-47\">\n<pre class=\"ng-tns-c1287317439-47\"><code class=\"code-container formatted ng-tns-c1287317439-47 no-decoration-radius\" role=\"text\" data-test-id=\"code-content\">          \/\\\r\n         \/ |\r\n        \/  |  Hauteur = 1 coud\u00e9e (= 7 paumes)\r\n       \/   |\r\n      \/____|\r\n      Retrait = 5,5 paumes (seked)\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"12\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Hauteur<\/b> : <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"10\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> paumes (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"20\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> coud\u00e9e)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Base<\/b> : <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"5,5\" data-index-in-node=\"7\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> paumes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Calcul de l&#8217;angle<\/b> : <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\tan(\\theta) = \\frac{7}{5,5} \\approx 1,2727 \\implies \\theta \\approx 51,84^\\circ\" data-index-in-node=\"20\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mop\">tan<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b8<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">5<span class=\"mpunct mtight\">,<\/span>5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\">2727<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u27f9<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b8<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2248<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">51<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\">8<\/span><span class=\"mord\">4<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2218<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"51^\\circ 50'\" data-index-in-node=\"101\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2218<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2032<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"13\">C&#8217;est cet angle de <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"51,84^\\circ\" data-index-in-node=\"19\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">51<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\">8<\/span><span class=\"mord\">4<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mbin mtight\">\u2218<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> qui fait appara\u00eetre naturellement les approximations de <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"87\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> et du nombre d&#8217;or <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\varphi\" data-index-in-node=\"109\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03c6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> dans la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie globale du monument.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"15\">L&#8217;outil sur le chantier<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"16\">Sur le terrain, les tailleurs de pierre et les chefs de chantier utilisaient une \u00e9querre en bois \u00e9quip\u00e9e d&#8217;un fil \u00e0 plomb. L&#8217;\u00e9querre reproduisait exactement le triangle rectangle d\u00e9fini par le seked retenu, ce qui permettait de v\u00e9rifier l&#8217;inclinaison de chaque bloc de parement avant sa pose.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Il n&#8217;existe <b data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"12\">aucune preuve directe ou document\u00e9e<\/b> que les \u00c9gyptiens de l&#8217;Antiquit\u00e9 aient connu ou utilis\u00e9 le nombre d&#8217;or (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\varphi \\approx 1,618\" data-index-in-node=\"120\">$\\varphi \\approx 1,618$<\/span>) de mani\u00e8re th\u00e9orique.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"1\">Les historiens et \u00e9gyptologues s&#8217;accordent aujourd&#8217;hui sur le fait que la pr\u00e9sence du nombre d&#8217;or dans les monuments \u00e9gyptiens d\u00e9coule de choix pratiques d&#8217;ing\u00e9nierie plut\u00f4t que d&#8217;une intention math\u00e9matique ou mystique.<\/p>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"3\">Pourquoi la th\u00e9orie du nombre d&#8217;or persiste-t-elle ?<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"4\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">La pr\u00e9sence g\u00e9om\u00e9trique r\u00e9elle<\/b> : Dans la pyramide de Kh\u00e9ops, le rapport entre la hauteur d&#8217;une face (l&#8217;apoth\u00e8me) et la demi-base donne environ <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1,618\" data-index-in-node=\"143\">$1,618$<\/span>. La valeur est indiscutable sur le plan g\u00e9om\u00e9trique.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">L&#8217;analyse moderne \u00e0 posteriori<\/b> : Au XIX\u1d49 si\u00e8cle, des chercheurs comme Adolf Zeising ou plus tard des passionn\u00e9s d&#8217;\u00e9sot\u00e9risme ont superpos\u00e9 des grilles du nombre d&#8217;or sur les plans des temples et pyramides, y voyant une volont\u00e9 d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"6\">La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des connaissances \u00e9gyptiennes<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7\">L&#8217;analyse des papyrus math\u00e9matiques conserv\u00e9s (comme le papyrus Rhind ou le papyrus de Moscou) montre une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 bien diff\u00e9rente :<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"8\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Un syst\u00e8me arithm\u00e9tique bas\u00e9 sur les fractions<\/b> : Les \u00c9gyptiens ne manipulaient pas les nombres irrationnels (comme <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\sqrt{5}\" data-index-in-node=\"115\">$\\sqrt{5}$<\/span> ou <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\pi\" data-index-in-node=\"127\">$\\pi$<\/span>). Leurs calculs reposaient sur des entiers et des fractions unitaires (de type <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"1\/n\" data-index-in-node=\"210\">$1\/n$<\/span>).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">L&#8217;utilisation exclusive du <i data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"27\">seked<\/i><\/b> : Pour r\u00e9gler la pente des pyramides, ils utilisaient un rapport simple de paumes par coud\u00e9e de hauteur. Pour la Grande Pyramide, le choix d&#8217;un <i data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"177\">seked<\/i> de <b data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"186\">5,5 paumes<\/b> (soit un rapport <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"14\/11\" data-index-in-node=\"214\">$14\/11$<\/span>) produit <b data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"229\">automatiquement<\/b> une valeur tr\u00e8s proche de <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"\\varphi\" data-index-in-node=\"271\">$\\varphi$<\/span>, sans que le concepteur n&#8217;ait eu \u00e0 calculer ce nombre.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Absence totale dans les textes<\/b> : Aucun papyrus, texte sacerdotal ou manuel d&#8217;architecte ne fait mention d&#8217;une proportion sacr\u00e9e \u00e9quivalente au nombre d&#8217;or.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-path-to-node=\"10\">Bilan<\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"11\">Le nombre d&#8217;or appara\u00eet dans les monuments \u00e9gyptiens comme un <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"62\">effet secondaire math\u00e9matique<\/b> li\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;utilisation du <i data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"115\">seked<\/i> et \u00e0 la recherche de proportions visuelles \u00e9quilibr\u00e9es. C&#8217;est le math\u00e9maticien grec <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"205\">Euclide<\/b> (vers 300 av. J.-C., \u00e0 Alexandrie) qui d\u00e9finira pour la premi\u00e8re fois de fa\u00e7on th\u00e9orique cette proportion, sous le nom de \u00ab division en extr\u00eame et moyenne raison \u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les math\u00e9matiques, c&#8217;est une science abstraite et un langage universel pour explorer, mesurer et structurer&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3715,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[12597,174],"tags":[12599,12600,12598,12601,12602,12603,12604,12605,12606,12607,12608,12609,12610,12611,12612,12613,12614,12615,12616,12618,12617,1585,1004,12619,12620,10493,12621,12622,12623,12624,12626,12625,12627,12628,5115,12629,11258,12630,12631,12632,12633,12634,12635,12636,12638,12637,12639,12640,12641,12642,6071,12643,12644,12645,6937,6947,6092,12646,12647],"class_list":["post-3712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-les-mathematiques","category-sciences","tag-al-jabr","tag-al-khwarizmi","tag-algebre","tag-angle","tag-apotheme","tag-arithmetique","tag-calcul","tag-calcul-differentiel","tag-calcul-infinitesimal","tag-cercle","tag-circonference","tag-cotangente","tag-coudee","tag-coudee-royale","tag-decimales","tag-demi-base","tag-diametre","tag-dimension","tag-doigt","tag-empan","tag-equation","tag-equerre","tag-espace","tag-euclide","tag-fil-a-plomb","tag-forme","tag-fraction","tag-geometrie","tag-hauteur","tag-incalculable","tag-inconnue","tag-indeterminee","tag-irrationnel","tag-longueur","tag-masse","tag-mathematiques","tag-mesure","tag-metre","tag-nombre","tag-nombre-dor","tag-nombre-irrationnel","tag-operations","tag-paume","tag-perimetre","tag-phi-varphi","tag-pi-pi","tag-proportion","tag-pythagore","tag-quadrature-du-cercle","tag-rapport","tag-relation","tag-seked","tag-structure","tag-thales","tag-theoreme-de-pythagore","tag-trigonometrie","tag-valeur","tag-variable","tag-zero"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/images-3-1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3712","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3712"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3717,"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3712\/revisions\/3717"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3715"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3712"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3712"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laurensoff.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}